Who Is The Owner Of New Zealand Hat Manufacturing...

Interviewing Our group interviewed Simon Smuts-Kennedy, who is the owner of New Zealand hat manufacturing business, Hills Hats. How did your group in general act during the interview? The group generally felt that our face-to-face interviewing was both effective and efficient, due in large part to our positive body language, detailed research and preparation that enabled us to elicit the information we sought and respond to answers with further follow-up questions as appropriate. Our interview commenced with introductions, some brief small talk and a reminder about the purpose of the interview and likely duration. This relaxed start seemed to settle everyone’s nerves and create a positive atmosphere to foster compelling conversation rather than an inquisition. Fortunately, our interviewee was not shy or nervous. We were careful not to spend too much time talking ourselves, but rather focused on the interviewee’s responses, recognising the need to concentrate, not interrupt (needlessly), ask questions (to discover, confirm or clarify), and continue to support the speaker throughout with positive body language and no abrasive or confrontational ques tioning. How did you in particular act during the interview? 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My Own Theory Of Personality - 2164 Words

Introduction Life can sometimes become unpredictable, when it comes to personality it can vary between individuals to the point some people may be viewed as abnormal. Personality can be defined as the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual s distinctive character. Each person personality can be a construct of more than one personality or can follow a specific theorist personality all the way through end of life. My own theory of personality is a collaboration with other theorist ideas but with a twist. My personality theory is called Cinderella for the females and Cinderfella for the male’s theory of personality. Theoretical Eclecticism Technical eclecticism is the idea that treatment can and should consist of techniques from many different theoretical perspectives, without the clinician necessarily adopting the theoretical basis for those techniques. According to Lazarus (1991) there was no way to integrate the different psychological theories under one theory. Lazarus and Butler (1993) suggest that theories are only worthwhile if they are founded empirically derived from relationships among client problem, therapeutic procedure, and outcome; and those that outline this process by which a counselor can reliably select and implement therapeutic procedures. According to Tursi and Cochran (2006) it is difficult to find one counseling approach that will satisfactorily lead to positive personality change for every client with every counselor. InShow MoreRelated Psychologist’s Theory Essay528 Words   |  3 Pagespsychologist’s theory best describes your own personality?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personality can best be described as â€Å"personal qualities of an individual†. No two people have the same personality, but yet all the different personalities in the world can be characterized into 4 main theories. The four psychologists that thought up the four theories are Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Abraham Maslow. (pg.64) Each man based his theory on a different part of a person’s personality development. The theory thatRead MoreThe Personality Theory Of Adler s Individual Psychology Theory1436 Words   |  6 PagesI. Theory Description The personality theory that I have chosen as best identifying with my personality and beliefs is Adler’s Individual Psychology theory (Friedman Schustack, 2012). Adler based his theory on the belief that individuals placed varying degrees of importance in different aspects of social and individual motivations such as an ideal goal. He used the term finalism to describe his idea that individuals all have an ultimate goal that they strive to become. The goal is subjective toRead MoreJohn Holland Personality Theory Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesPersonality is an influential trait that if utilized for career matching, could potentially increase productivity at a job or even equate to a successful career choice. If an individual’s personality has characteristics of a certain trait, such as creativity or idealism, it would be a good idea to get into a career that emphasizes this trait and maximizes that potential. In career counseling there are many theories that are acce ptable for utilization in client-counselor relationships, but one inRead MoreThe Trait Model Of Personality1599 Words   |  7 PagesModel of Personality Jamie Goodwin PSY330: Theories of Personality Instructor: George Bell 04/03/2017 This paper will offer an overview of the trait model of personality, it will show the similar and different basic assumptions of this model and the psychodynamic model of personality to do with the variances amongst both healthy and unhealthy personalities. It will also describe each of the five traits. Finally, this paper will show my results from The Big Five Personality Test and discussRead MoreBehaviorism Vs. Behaviorism Theory849 Words   |  4 Pagestheir personality (McLeod, 2007). Furthermore, personality determines a person’s motivations and goals in life. With this said, this theory assist in better understanding interactions with people every day. For instance, all people have their own unique personalities, motivations, and goals. Through this perspective, knowing information about people can help interactions with others. In order to understand the behaviorism perspective approach to life, one must consider their own personality, theirRead MorePsychology : Psyc hodynamic And Behavioral Perspectives1320 Words   |  6 Pagespsychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining the human behavior. I believe to truly explain the complex mental processes and behavior, each perspective must be examined and not limited to just one. 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Compare And Contrast The Star And The Necklace Essay Example For Students

Compare And Contrast The Star And The Necklace Essay Compare And Contrast The Star And The NecklaceThe story The Star, which was written in 1970s, is trying to say that we need to understand the truth of our fate rather than put on blinders and quit refusing everything else that we dont want to see. In the story The Necklace written by Guy De Maupassant the woman worked herself to the bone for ten years trying to pay off the debt used to pay for the necklace she lost at the ball. The woman in this story is a poor pretty woman who thought she deserved a better life than one that she already had. The main character in this story is a woman named Louis, the daughter of simple working class man. Both stories include a sub theme of a hope for a better life, in which all men were created equal and all the ugly injustices in the world would cease to exist. But the cold hard fact is that we humans have this innate sense of optimism, which blocks our thinking for reality, because without it we would have no reason for living. In the case of the woman in the story The necklace the object being the necklace which she eventually loses and tries to replace. Instead of hiding the truth and facing the music, which was harder, to take than when she lied. The old adage which says, What a tangled web weave when we first start to deceive. We humans cant handle the truth. We think we know what is the truth. What that really is just bullshit. Its arrogance-playing tricks on our minds making us think we are in control of our lives. If we really were in control of our lives then why cant we control every little aspect of it that gives discomfort? Because we cant, because we dont know how, and eventually the truth will show that is we dont what the truth really is. Using the slippery slope logic one can conclude that the two stories are more similar than they are different but because the assignment at hand requires for me to compare and contrast in an illustrative manner then I guess I should start. In the story the Star the setting is on a rocket ship with astronauts and the setting in the necklace is old France in the late 1970s. The Star is a science fiction story while the necklace is an illustrative story. In the necklace the story is told from the third people point of view compared to the Stars point of view is in the first person. The necklace discusses the social classes distinction in detail while in the star is describes the Astrology in detail. The person who wrote the necklace was French was illustrative the author of the star was clearly American. The main focus of the story is based on the importance of having money while the star is about the survival of the fittest. But the cold hard fact is that we humans have this innate sense of optimism, which blocks our thinking for reality, because without it we would have no reason for living. In the case of the woman in the story The necklace the object being the necklace which she eventually loses and tries to replace. Instead of hiding the truth and facing the music, which was harder, to take than when she lied. The old adage which says, What a tangled web weave when we first start to deceive. We humans cant handle the truth. We think we know what is the truth. What that really is just bullshit. Its arrogance-playing tricks on our minds making us think we are in control of our lives. If we really were in control of our lives then why cant we control every little aspect of it that gives discomfort? Because we cant, because we dont know how, and eventually the truth will show that is we dont what the truth really is. Using the slippery slope logic one can conclude that the two stories are more similar than they are different but because the assignment at hand requires for me to compare and contrast in an illustrative manner then I guess I should start. In the story the Star the setting is on a rocket ship with astronauts and the setting in the necklace is old France in the late 1970s. The Star is a science fiction story while the necklace is an illustrative story. In the necklace the story is told from the third people point of view compared to the Stars point of view is in the first person. The necklace discusses the social classes distinction in detail while in the star is describes the Astrology in detail. The person who wrote the necklace was French was illustrative the author of the star was clearly American. The main focus of the story is based on the importance of having money while the star is about the survival of the fittest. The similarities in both stories include that both deal with theme of hope. One is more graphic in the account of survival as portrayed in the star but the details in how the girl had to work hard in how each detail in her work day was shown through words was illustrative. Both deal with the issue of false pretense that living a certain life would bring true happiness, which in both case should that it didnt. The dismal setting Star is in contrast with the grandeur at which the Necklace is played out. The false hope that we control our own destiny is both misinterpreted by everyone. That is why these two stories, which are about two different subjects, seem to have the same effect on a person, which is depression. .

The whole towns sleeping Essay Example

The whole towns sleeping Paper Throughout this essay I intend to compare and contrast the effectiveness of the different narrative styles used in the two short stories, A Terribly Strange Bed and The Whole Towns Sleeping. The stories were written about one hundred years apart, The Whole Towns Sleeping in 1950 and A Terribly Strange Bed, much earlier in 1856. This means that not only will the portrayal of the stories vary based upon the individual styles of writing of the authors but also the social history of the times of writing will be quite different. A Terribly Strange Bed is a story written in the first person narrative, which means it is written as a personal account of the events within the story from the point of view of the main character. It is usually written as a character recalling the story to someone else after the events have taken place. The Whole Towns Sleeping on the other hand is a story written in the third person narrative which means it is written from the point of view of an invisible bystander who plays no part in the actual story. It is written as the events take place and is much like a fly on the wall kind of perspective. The outline of the story in The Whole Towns Sleeping is that there is an air of tension building in a small town as a man nicknamed the lonely one is going around killing women But the others strangled four of them, their tongues sticking out of their mouths, they say. The main theme of the story is about the reactions and feelings of three maiden ladies as they walk through the town in the dark of night to visit the cinema. We will write a custom essay sample on The whole towns sleeping specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The whole towns sleeping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The whole towns sleeping specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The tension and fear of the story is increased as the women find the body of a friend who has been missing, Eliza Ramsell, and their response is not to return to the safety of their homes, but is to continue with their plans to walk on, to the cinema. The ladies even flout the advice of the police to return home immediately after the film showing and end up walking through the town at midnight when nearly all the other residents are safely locked up in their homes asleep. The climax of the story comes when the ladies have to separate as they reach their individual homes and Lavinia Nebbs is left to walk the last five minutes alone through the deep, deep and black, black ravine. The story ends with a twist as Lavinia finally reaches the safety of being inside her home. A Terribly Strange Bed is a story about a gambler who visits, as blackguard a place, by all respect, as you should ever wish to see. This is a dirty gambling house where the subject of the story has an astonishing run of good luck and is fortunate enough to break the bank. Whilst playing he is befriended by a rather suspicious specimen of an old soldier. This soldier later gets the subject drunk and leads him to a room where the terribly strange bed is situated. As the subject tries to sleep he becomes aware that the bed he is lying on is closing down upon him, threatening to suffocate him. He just manages to escape with his life, by rolling from the moving bed and leaving the gambling house via his bedroom window and then slipping down a water pipe into the street below. The plots of the two stories are quite different but the themes of creating an atmosphere of fear and tension are very similar. In both stories there is a protagonist who is domineering and who is confidant of themselves and the moves that they take. They do not listen to their peers and dont accept advice very well. However, the tension of the two stories is developed in quite different fashions. In The Whole Towns Sleeping there is a slow accumulation of many events each adding to the tension before the climax is reached when Lavinia, the protagonist, crosses the ravine. In contrast, in A Terribly Strange Bed there isnt as much build up of tension and less events happen prior to the moment when the antagonist attempts murder on the protagonist. However, there is a greater use of language and dialect making the story as long as The Whole Towns Sleeping, but less busy. From the very start there are clues as to what the stories are about, A Terribly Strange Bed starts to build a disturbing atmosphere with a very detailed description of the gambling house which the protagonist and his friend visit. Phrases like,here there was nothing but tragedy and the spectacle was something to weep over, suggests a perfect setting for harm to befall the character. The use of these phrases in the first person shows both opinion and emotion. This is an effective way of setting the scene because an image of a dirty, dimly lit room with badly dressed, unshaven tramps sitting and leaning against walls is immediately thrown into the mind of the reader, creating a sense of trepidation. In The Whole Towns Sleeping the first hint of fear is suggested by the title of the movie the ladies are to attend Welcome, Danger!

buddhism Essays

buddhism Essays buddhism Essay buddhism Essay Middle Land Chan Monastery is a Buddhist Temple I visited in Pomona. Middle Land Chan Monastery was built in April of 2008 and was founded by Master Wei Chueh, who is also the founder of Taiwans famous Chung Tai Chan Monastery. Wei Chueh wanted a Buddhist temple the inland empire to broaden the Buddhist religion and wisdom. Middle land Chan Monastery welcomes any race, gender, or religion and is free to any visitor. They offer free meditation classes of all levels and age groups. They have different days throughout the week, when they teach classes in Chinese or English allowing the communities preference. The classes teach the following: history of Zen Buddhism, the four noble truths, the noble eightfold path, six perfections, emptiness and the middle way, and the principle of casualties. Once you have completed the advanced classes you can move on to the Sutra study classes which teach more in depth about the above categories. These classes are two hours long for twelve weeks. The first hour is meditating and the second hour is teachings of the Buddha. Ceremonies are also offered with reservations. All ceremonies and classes are taught by Abbess Jianxiang. Dress Code is your choice but is recommended to be omfortable and non-slippery socks. Other meditation clothing is provided if wanted. Middle land Chan Monastery is a very good place to come if you are interested in Buddhism and want to learn their ways. I enjoyed my time spent there learning their culture and feeling welcomed the entire time. When I arrived to Middle Land Chan Monastery, I was welcomed right away. Unfortunately since I hadnt signed up for the classes when the beginning level students started their classes months ago, I was unable to participate and could only observe. Before stepping foot into the temple ou must remove your shoes and put on the slippers they have available for you. As everyone was arriving you can tell they all had been attending the classes for a while, because everyone was being social toward one another and talking about previous lessons. After everyone showed up, we moved our way to the meditation room, which was filled with floor mats and stool mats against the wall, for those who need better back support. Before stepping into the room you needed to take off your slippers and bow down before entering. Next they have you go to the Buddha statue bow down and light incense. Everyone went to their assigned mat, and Abbess Jianxiang went to the front of the room. Abbess started speaking and told everyone to relax and concentrate. Everyone is sitting with their legs crossed and their eyes closed. Abbess told them to have straight posture and count your breath intakes. Music was being played in the background and Abbess continued talking for a little while about meditation. For the next forty minutes everyone was meditating. The purpose of meditation is to free your minds of negativity and to be spiritually awakened. While meditating you are to have good posture, concentrate, and think of only positive motions. Doing this helps you have a better outlook on life and to understand life naturally. With enough practice your meditation will take you into an energized and positive state of mind. Meditators told me meditating makes them feel relaxed and forget all about their worries. After meditation everyone went to the room where noble truths and the noble eightfold. Learning about this was interesting to me. I thought it was good how they were being taught not too in depth since this was a beginners class but they were taught in a way that would fit their understanding. Group discussions were taking place and I found it interesting how involved everyone was getting and trying to fully understand Buddhism. People shared stories, asked questions, and gave feedback all throughout the lesson. After class, a break for lunch was given. There is a variety of lunch options throughout the week. The day I went we had veggie fried rice. This contained white rice, mushrooms, radishes, carrots, and lotus seeds. The food is prepared by the workers. The meal options they do have are all vegetarian meals. Taiwan Buddhist have to abstain from meat, which is why their eals are vegetarian. The food is all organic and tasted delicious. I was expecting more of a traditional meal that I havent tried before, but even though veggie fried rice is a common meal, I still thought it was appetizing. While I was driving to the temple, the atmosphere wasnt what I expected. I expected it to be in a field and secluded from everything. Instead it was gated in a neighborhood. Once you drive in there is parking and two statues that look like dragons. The temple wasnt too big, before going inside the temple you need to ring a bell to unlock the doors. The inside looked very cultural. There was painted pictures on the wall, small statues on shelves, and a lot of incense burners. The whole temple smells like incense burning. The meditation room has rows of floor mats used for meditating and along the walls there are rectangular stools with mats on top, which are used for people who need better back support while meditating. The floor is wooden and looks very shiny and clean. The walls were plain dark brown. In the back of the room there are three statues of Buddha that are on top of an altar. The people wear brown long cloth robes. They all have their hair shaved really short. Their voices are very soft and quiet. They seem to be very conservative and isolated from society and that all they do with their free time is Just practice Buddhism and not get witness the outside world. Before coming here I had a lot of stereotypes of Buddhism. To me Buddhism was what I saw in the movie hangover. For instance I thought all they did was meditate, practice karate, and vow to silence. I thought the only reason people would choose to be Buddhist is because they were born into that culture or because they were hipsters trying to be cool. Coming to Middle Land Chan Monastery taught me the truth behind Buddhism. Most of the information I learned about Buddhism was through the hand out booklets, and dvd I was given. What I learned is Buddhism is not Just a religion but also a way of finding yourself spiritually. Buddhism teaches you how to be responsible with your life and to live it to your fullest potential. I learned about the four noble truths. This is in order suffering, where the suffering originated from, to end the suffering, and the process to end the suffering. The four noble truth originally talks about dukkha but because this was a beginners class the teacher alled it suffering which has the same meaning. For those in advanced classes, they would call it by their true meaning and go more into depth about the meanings. Instead of telling us what each of the noble truths are with definitions and words, they would give examples and try to make it more simple for our understanding. The noble eightfold is self-awakening and learning who you are, spiritually and mentally. The main thing I learned about Buddhism is not only should you have a positive outlook on life but you should also have a realistic look. Thinking positive throughout he day can actually help you have a good day but if you are being over positive, and hoping for unrealistic things to happen it most likely wont. This is because you are hoping for too much rather then realistic hopes. Having a balance of positive and realism can help you into having a productive day. Buddhism is not Just a religion but it is also a way of life. It is a peaceful way to live and helps you have a new outlook on life. Instead of seeing only the bad things in life you are able to see the beauty of nature and to appreciate the life you were blessed to have. To show your appreciation to Buddha every morning the Thai Buddhist bow down three times, burn incense, and give water and food. They do this because These are considered precious in their culture. I think Buddhism differentiates from other cultures religion in many ways. Buddhism does not have a God that they believe in, who punishes or rewards you through your actions. Buddhism is mainly self-taught. There are people who teach you about Buddhism but the only way to actually understand it you need to participate and practice it. The people who teach you about Buddhism mainly teach ou the history and few practices for it, but the way you take it in is up to you. Buddhism is more learning about yourself and how you think you should act, rather than other religions when they tell you how you have to be and set guidelines. There is no right or wrong way on how you take in Buddhism. Like Buddhism Christianity also believe in happiness for human beings as their golden rule. Like other religions there is an emphasis on love for everyone in mankind. There many similarities and difference in the Buddhist culture and religion, but every culture is unique in their own way.

A Beginners Guide to the Renaissance

A Beginners Guide to the Renaissance The Renaissance was a cultural and scholarly movement which stressed the rediscovery and application of texts and thought from classical antiquity, occurring in Europe c. 1400 – c. 1600. The Renaissance can also refer to the period of European history spanning roughly the same dates. Its increasingly important to stress that the Renaissance had a long history of developments that included the twelfth-century renaissance and more. What Was the Renaissance? There remains debate about what exactly constituted the Renaissance. Essentially, it was a cultural and intellectual movement, intimately tied to society and politics, of the late 14th to early 17th centuries, although it is commonly restricted to just the 15th and 16th centuries. It is considered to have originated in Italy. Traditionally people have claimed it was stimulated, in part, by Petrarch, who had a passion for rediscovering lost manuscripts and a fierce belief in the civilizing power of ancient thought and in part by conditions in Florence. At its core, the Renaissance was a movement dedicated to the rediscovery and use of classical learning, that is to say, knowledge and attitudes from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras. Renaissance literally means ‘rebirth’, and Renaissance thinkers believed the period between themselves and the fall of Rome, which they labeled the Middle Ages, had seen a decline in cultural achievement compared with the earlier eras. Participants intended, through the study of classical texts, textual criticism, and classical techniques, to both reintroduce the heights of those ancient days and improve the situation of their contemporaries. Some of these classical texts survived only amongst Islamic scholars and were brought back to Europe at this time. The Renaissance Period â€Å"Renaissance† can also refer to the period, c. 1400 – c. 1600. â€Å"High Renaissance† generally refers to c. 1480 – c. 1520. The era was dynamic, with European explorers â€Å"finding† new continents, the transformation of trading methods and patterns, the decline of feudalism (in so far as it ever existed), scientific developments such as the Copernican system of the cosmos and the rise of gunpowder. Many of these changes were triggered, in part, by the Renaissance, such as classical mathematics stimulating new financial trading mechanisms, or new techniques from the east boosting ocean navigation. The printing press was also developed, allowing Renaissance texts to be disseminated widely (in actual fact this print was an enabling factor rather than a result). Why Was This Renaissance Different? Classical culture had never totally vanished from Europe, and it experienced sporadic rebirths. There was the Carolingian Renaissance in the eighth to ninth centuries and a major one in the â€Å"Twelfth Century Renaissance†, which saw Greek science and philosophy returned to European consciousness and the development of a new way of thinking which mixed science and logic called Scholasticism. What was different in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was that this particular rebirth joined together both the elements of scholarly inquiry and cultural endeavor with social and political motivations to create a much broader movement, albeit one with a long history. The Society and Politics Behind the Renaissance Across the fourteenth century, and perhaps before, the old social and political structures of the medieval period broke down, allowing new concepts to rise. A new elite emerged, with new models of thought and ideas to justify themselves; what they found in classical antiquity was something to use both as a prop and a tool for their aggrandizement. Exiting elites matched them to keep pace, as did the Catholic Church. Italy, from which the Renaissance evolved, was a series of city-states, each competing with the others for civic pride, trade, and wealth. They were largely autonomous, with a high proportion of merchants and artisans thanks to the Mediterranean trade routes. At the very top of Italian society, the rulers of the key courts in Italy were all â€Å"new men†, recently confirmed in their positions of power and with newly gained wealth, and they were keen to demonstrate both. There was also wealth and the desire to show it below them. The Black Death had killed millions in Europe and left the survivors with proportionally greater wealth, whether through fewer people inheriting more or simply from the increased wages they could demand. Italian society and the results of the Black Death allowed for much greater social mobility, a constant flow of people keen to demonstrate their wealth. Displaying wealth and using culture to reinforce your social and political was an important aspect of life in that period, and when artistic and scholarly movements turned back to the classical world at the start of the fifteenth century there were plenty of patrons ready to support them in these endeavors to make political points. The importance of piety, as demonstrated through commissioning works of tribute, was also strong, and Christianity proved a heavy influence for thinkers trying to square Christian thought with that of â€Å"pagan† classical writers. The Spread of the Renaissance From its origins in Italy, the Renaissance spread across Europe, the ideas changing and evolving to match local conditions, sometimes linking into existing cultural booms, although still keeping the same core. Trade, marriage, diplomats, scholars, the use of giving artists to forge links, even military invasions, all aided the circulation. Historians now tend to break the Renaissance down into smaller, geographic, groups such as the Italian Renaissance, The English Renaissance, the Northern Renaissance (a composite of several countries) etc. There are also works which talk about the Renaissance as a phenomenon with global reach, influencing – and being influenced by – the east, Americas, and Africa. The End of the Renaissance Some historians argue that the Renaissance ended in the 1520s, some the 1620s. The Renaissance didn’t just stop, but its core ideas gradually converted into other forms, and new paradigms arose, particularly during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. It would be hard to argue we are still in the Renaissance (as you can do with the Enlightenment), as culture and learning move in a different direction, but you have to draw the lines from here back to then (and, of course, back to before then). You could argue that new and different types of Renaissance followed (should you want to write an essay). The Interpretation of the Renaissance The term ‘renaissance’ actually dates from the nineteenth century and has been heavily debated ever since, with some historians questioning whether it’s even a useful word anymore. Early historians described a clear intellectual break with the medieval era, but in recent decades scholarship has turned to recognize growing continuity from the centuries before, suggesting that the changes Europe experienced were more an evolution than a revolution. The era was also far from a golden age for everyone; at the start, it was very much a minority movement of humanists, elites, and artists, although it disseminated wider with printing. Women, in particular, saw a marked reduction in their educational opportunities during the Renaissance. Its no longer possible to talk of a sudden, all changing golden age (or no longer possible and be considered accurate), but rather a phase that wasnt entirely a move forward, or that dangerous historical problem, progress. Renaissance Art There were Renaissance movements in architecture, literature, poetry, drama, music, metals, textiles and furniture, but the Renaissance is perhaps best known for its art. Creative endeavor became viewed as a form of knowledge and achievement, not simply a way of decoration. Art was now to be based on observation of the real world, applying mathematics and optics to achieve more advanced effects like perspective. Paintings, sculpture and other art forms flourished as new talents took up the creation of masterpieces, and enjoying art became seen as the mark of a cultured individual. Renaissance Humanism Perhaps the earliest expression of the Renaissance was in humanism, an intellectual approach which developed among those being taught a new form of curriculum: the studia humanitatis, which challenged the previously dominant Scholastic thinking. Humanists were concerned with the features of human nature and attempts by man to master nature rather than develop religious piety. Humanist thinkers implicitly and explicitly challenged the old Christian mindset, allowing and advancing the new intellectual model behind the Renaissance. However, tensions between humanism and the Catholic Church developed over the period, and humanist learning partly caused the Reformation. Humanism was also deeply pragmatic, giving those involved the educational basis for work in the burgeoning European bureaucracies. It is important to note that the term ‘humanist’ was a later label, just like â€Å"renaissance†. Politics and Liberty The Renaissance used to be regarded as pushing forward a new desire for liberty and republicanism - rediscovered in works about the Roman Republic- even though many of the Italian city-states were taken over by individual rulers. This view has come under close scrutiny by historians and partly rejected, but it did cause some Renaissance thinkers to agitate for greater religious and political freedoms over later years. More widely accepted is the return to thinking about the state as a body with needs and requirements, taking politics away from the application of Christian morals and into a more pragmatic, some might say devious, world, as typified by the work of Machiavelli. There was no marvelous purity in Renaissance politics, just the same twisting about as ever. Books and Learning Part of the changes brought by the Renaissance, or perhaps one of the causes, was the change in attitude to pre-Christian books. Petrarch, who had a self-proclaimed â€Å"lust† to seek out forgotten books among the monasteries and libraries of Europe, contributed to a new outlook: one of (secular) passion and hunger for the knowledge. This attitude spread, increasing the search for lost works and increasing the number of volumes in circulation, in turn influencing more people with classical ideas. One other major result was a renewed trade in manuscripts and the foundation of public libraries to better enable widespread study. Print then enabled an explosion in the reading and spread of texts, by producing them faster and more accurately, and led to the literate populations who formed the basis of the modern world.

Global Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Era - Essay Example For example, the United States has improved its ties with Canada, United Kingdom and France. This has been an approach of ensuring both countries have a better hand in running their economy and other external affairs. The close ties with these countries have improved education, economy, wealth creation and an improvement concerning pollution. To begin with, the United States and United Kingdom are two countries that have been working together for a long time. Apparently, they are some of the greatest economies of the world. Therefore, working together would be a prudent approach in improving the economy of each other. As a fact, the relations between the U.S and UK are complex relations that range from shared history to corporation in the present day (Reitan 8). First, the two countries have various similarities in their religious affiliations, language and identical system. Therefore, they are prepared to work together since they have similarities. This is a better avenue of making close ties with each other as they are bound to benefit. Secondly, both UK and U.S have expatriates in each other country. Expatriates are professionals that assist in solving contentious issues that affect the two countries. Similarly, the expatriates help in strategizing on the best approaches in the two countries. For example, in this global era, both UK and U.S are adept in fighting terrorism (Reitan 9). Since the September 11 attacks, the UK and U.S have been categorical in annihilating terrorism. This has embedded trust in each other as they are fighting on the same side. Thirdly, the United States and United Kingdom have developed â€Å"special relationships† with each other concerning the â€Å"trans Atlantic alliance.† This is an approach where the UK and U.S make ties to assist the global economy. This will instil stability in the world as many countries will realize the positivity of this approach. Lastly, the relationship between the UK and U.S is considere d the most fundamental bilateral joint venture in the world. On one hand, the U.S has the American foreign policy. This policy deems to enhance the ties between the U.S and the UK. On the other hand, UK has initiated the British foreign policy. With these two policies in place, the two counties will have enhanced approaches to development (Reitan 9). Apparently, many countries have benefited from such policies as the two countries offer unparalleled help. As a fact, these two policies have helped the two countries in political alignment, commerce, finance, mutual trade corporations, technology and academics. For example, UK is the leading investor in the U.S, while the U.S is the principal investor in the UK. Mutual relationships between Canada and the United States have been in existence for over two centuries. Apparently, this led to development of the international relationships, which were considered mutually beneficial. As such, the United States has been influential in making close ties with Canada, as a country. To begin with, the two countries are economic partners. The United States is a chief economic partner to Canada. Similarly, Canada has improved its economic investments in the United States to level the trade. This has been a major step in ensuring the two countries are mutually benefiting in the global era. When Canada invests in the United States, there is a mutual benefit where there is job and wealth creation. These developments are also extended to Canada as the two countr

Ecocnomic Assingnment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ecocnomic Assingnment - Essay Example y interpret â€Å"economic growth† to mean a sustained increase in per capita output (income) accompanied by reduction in existing inequalities and economic betterment of the masses. As per Classical Economists, Capital accumulation is the core of economic development of a country. It is the main factor that helps economic growth of a country. Capital Accumulation (M.L. Seth 2003) is the outcome of savings. The profits earned by businessmen constitute the major source of savings of a community. Larger the profits, larger the savings of the community. The classical economists assumed that whatever was saved was invested. Larger the profits, larger the savings. Larger the savings, larger the investment. Larger the investment, higher the rate of growth of the economy. The rate of growth of the economy, thus, ultimately depended upon the level of profits. It is on account of this realization that classical economists looked upon profits as the pace-setters of economic growth. The development of technology is another important determinant of Economic Growth. It accelerates the process of growth in the economy. Classical economists were aware of the role of technology as a stimulant of economic growth. Classical thinkers like Adam Smith and David Ricardo also realized the importance of technological improvement. According to Karl Marx, the adoption of improved technology causes the displacement of labor, increasing unemployment, decline in consumption, fall in effective demand, reduction in profits and ultimately slows down the process of economic growth. Despite the adverse effect of improved technology, capitalists, according to Marx, continue to opt for it because: George Rosen defined the Capital-Output Ratio as â€Å"the relationship of investment in a given economy or industry for a given time period to the output of the economy or industry for a similar time period.† The Capital-Output Ratio, thus, determines the rate at which the output grows as a result of a

Ignou solved assignment 2014 Essay Example for Free

Ignou solved assignment 2014 Essay Describe the evolutionary process of organization design and different perspectives of organization design and their relevance. Q. Explain the meaning and purpose of Job design and briefly discuss the impact technology has on Job design. Q. Discuss the purpose of organizational analysis and briefly describe the tools which could be used for organizational analysis and their effectiveness. Q. Identify different kinds of change which take place in organization and strategies which are used for change and their effectiveness. Discuss how resistance to change can be handled before implementing it. Give examples. Q. Discuss the process of institution building and the role of chief executive in institution building with an example. 1. Organization design-A process for improving the probability that an organization will be successful. More specifically, Organization Design is a formal, guided process for integrating the people, information and technology of an organization. It is used to match the form of the organization as closely as possible to the purpose(s) the organization seeks to achieve. Through the design process, organizations act to improve the probability that the collective efforts of members will be successful. Typically, design is approached as an internal change under the guidance of an external facilitator. Managers and members work together to define the needs of the organization then create systems to meet those needs most effectively. The facilitator assures that a systematic process is followed and encourages creative thinking. Hierarchical Systems Western organizations have been heavily influenced by the command and control structure of ancient military organizations, and by the turn of the century introduction of Scientific Management. Most organizations today are designed as a bureaucracy in which authority and responsibility are arranged in a hierarchy. Within the hierarchy rules, policies, and procedures are uniformly and impersonally applied to exert control over member behaviors. Activity is organized within sub-units (bureaus, or departments) in which people perform specialized functions such as manufacturing, sales, or accounting. People who perform similar tasks are clustered together. The same basic organizational form is assumed to be appropriate for any organization, be it a government, school, business, church, or fraternity. It is familiar, predictable, and rational. It is what comes immediately to mind when we discover that we really have to get organized! As familiar and rational as the functional hierarchy may be, there are distinct disadvantages to blindly applying the same form of organization to all purposeful groups. To understand the problem, begin by observing that different groups wish to achieve different outcomes. Second, observe that different groups have different members, and that each group possesses a different culture. These differences in desired outcomes, and in people, should alert us to the danger of assuming there is any single best way of organizing. To be complete, however, also observe that different groups will likely choose different methods through which they will achieve their purpose. Service groups will choose different methods than manufacturing groups, and both will choose different methods than groups whose purpose is primarily social. One structure cannot possibly fit all. , the form of organization must be matched to the purpose it seeks to achieve. The Design Process Organization design begins with the creation of a strategy — a set of decision guidelines by which members will choose appropriate actions. The strategy is derived from clear, concise statements of purpose, and vision, and from the organization’s basic philosophy. Strategy unifies the intent of the organization and focuses members toward actions designed to accomplish desired outcomes. The strategy encourages actions that support the purpose and discourages those that do not. Creating a strategy is planning, not organizing. To organize we must connect people with each other in meaningful and purposeful ways. Further, we must connect people with the information and technology necessary for them to be successful. Organization structure defines the formal relationships among people and specifies both their roles and their responsibilities. Administrative systems govern the organization through guidelines, procedures and policies. Information and technology define the process(es) through which members achieve outcomes. Each element must support each of the others and together they must support the organization’s purpose. Exercising Choice Organizations are an invention of man. They are contrived social systems through which groups seek to exert influence or achieve a stated purpose. People choose to organize when they recognize that by acting alone they are limited in their ability to achieve. We sense that by acting in concert we may overcome our individual limitations. When we organize we seek to direct, or pattern, the activities of a group of people toward a common outcome. How this pattern is designed and implemented greatly influences effectiveness. Patterns of activity that are complementary and interdependent are more likely to result in the achievement of intended outcomes. In contrast, activity patterns that are unrelated and independent are more likely to produce unpredictable, and often unintended results. The process of organization design matches people, information, and technology to the purpose, vision, and strategy of the organization. Structure is designed to enhance communication and information flow among people. Systems are designed to encourage individual responsibility and decision making. Technology is used to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources, tailored to the specific direction of the organization. 2. Job design refers to the way that a set of tasks, or an entire job, is organized. Job design helps to determine: †¢ What tasks are done? †¢ How the tasks are done, †¢ how many tasks are done, and †¢ in what order the tasks are done. It takes into account all factors which affect the work, and organizes the content and tasks so that the whole job is less likely to be a risk to the employee. Job design involves administrative areas such as: †¢ job rotation, †¢ job enlargement, †¢ task/machine pacing, †¢ work breaks, and †¢ Working hours. A well designed job will encourage a variety of good body positions, have reasonable strength requirements, require a reasonable amount of mental activity, and help foster feelings of achievement and self-esteem. 3. Organizational analysis may be done for different purposes. These include: 1) Enhancing the general understanding of the functioning of Organizations (i. e. educational or research purposes. ) (The direct beneficiary is the researcher or the analyst rather than the Organization). Such a study may aim at enhancing the understanding of human behaviour through a study of it in organisation, or to enhance the understanding of the society as reflected in organisational life. 2) Planning for growth and diversification An analysis or a diagostic study may be necessary for planning growth, diversification, expansion etc. Organisational analysis may reveal the strengths that could be used for growth and diversification, weak spots that need to be removed in the new plans, the precautions to be taken, structural dimensions to be kept in mind etc. Several insights may be provided on structure, people, systems, styles, technology etc. that have implications for growth. 3) Improving Organisational Effectiveness or Planning General Improvements Organisational Analysis may be used also for improving the general efficiency of an organisation. On the basis of a diagnosis made out of the analysis action steps could be initiated in terms of toning up administration, introducing new management systems and processes, reduction of wasteful expenditure, introduction of time savers, change of personnel policies to enhance employee motivation, restructuring of some parts, training, elimination of unwanted structures and teasers, improvements in general health of the organisation etc. 4) Organisational Problem Solving Whenever some subsystems departments, units etc.fall sick or start creating problems a diagnosis may be undertaken with a view to identify the source of the problem and take corrective action. A sick unit, a bottleneck, a communication block, a poor performing department, frequently occurring conflict between two departments, repeated failures of a management system or an organisational process, a frequent violation of an organisational norm, fall in discipline, reduction in output absenteeism, increase in conflicts e tc. can all lead to the need for an organisational diagnosis of a part of the organisatioin or the entire organisation. tools of organisational analysis Observation represents the careful and planned method of recording certain phenomena, objects, events in conjunction with a given situation. Constantinescu, etc. (2008) considers it necessary, within the organisation, to focus on observing the interaction between employees, in order to find answers to questions such as: What is the working pace of the employees slow, methodical, alert, spontaneous? What rituals do you notice in the enterprise? What are the values disseminated? Do the meetings generally provide revealing information? Who participates in these meetings? Who speaks? Whom do these people speak to? To what extent is sincerity situated in these meetings? How much time is devoted to different topics? The topics which often recur and which are discussed in depth frequently represent indications of the organisational culture values. Observations are used for gathering data on the symbols which are analyzed by the qualitative analysis methods. Observations include mostly behavioural material, but also semantic symbols. Observations of behavioural symbols include monitoring and recording the organizational rituals, such as, for example, the celebration of company day as a ritual of integration. There will also be careful attention focused on the state and architecture of the buildings, decor, billboards, staff dress code, behaviour and habits, working environment, the way in which everyone fulfils their role, employee behaviour in conflict situations. The analysis of these aspects allows knowing the reality, the working environment, both the organisation’s physical components and the emotional, psychological elements, harder to decipher at first glance. The opinion interview technique always involves oral information, having the advantage of flexibility, of the ability to get specific answers to each question. Along with the use of the questionnaire, it is one of the techniques most often used in qualitative research. The interview is, however, a complex technique that requires certain abilities and skills from the researcher, especially social, communication and self-reflection skills. The interview is used in the study of organisational culture to collect qualitative data about the cognitive elements of the culture, such as assumptions, values, norms and attitudes. Interviews may also serve to identify symbols, certain expressions, stories, anecdotes specific to the organisation. â€Å"To successfully use the interview in organisational culture research, it is important to determine the persons that will be interviewed, when, where and how the interview will be conducted, the set of questions that will be used and the method of recording it† (Janicijevic, 2011 , p 85). Interviews help us perceive the consistency between what the interviewees say and the facts recorded from other sources. † These perceptions are generally useful for:  · defining an updated vision of the history, the important events and its impact on the functioning of the organisation;

William Godwins Attack on the Law :: European Europe History

William Godwin's Attack on the Law Laws: We know what they are, and what they are worth! They are spider webs for the rich and mighty, steel chains for the poor and weak, fishing nets in the hands of government. - Proudhon1 On the surface, William Godwin's Caleb Williams (1794) is merely an entertaining murder mystery and detective story. The tale of an unfortunate servant who learns the truth of his master's past and flees for fear of his life, it has thrilled generations of readers. However, Godwin designed the work "to answer a purpose more general and important than immediately appears on the face of it."2 Written immediately after the publication of Godwin's first and most famous work, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793), Caleb Williams serves as a vehicle for Godwin to introduce his philosophy to the general public. The issue he addresses in the novel is that of "things as they are... While one party pleads for reformation and change, the other extols in the warmest terms the existing constitution of society."3 There can be no mistaking Godwin's position. He uses Caleb Williams to launch a full-scale attack against things as they are and "the modes of despotism by which man destroys his own kind - principally through prisons, law, and wealth."4 The law plays a particularly important role in the novel. It affects almost every major character, always aiding the oppression of the weak by the mighty and serving as a tool of tyranny. Godwin's opinion of the law is as interesting as it is extreme. His goal is to force the reader to "conclude universally that law is an institution of the most pernicious tendency," as he argues in his Political Justice.5 In his attack on the law, he makes use of common criticisms of the law from the late eighteenth century that were more often used as a call for its reform than for its abolition. In addition to these, however, he introduces arguments that successful reform is impossible and that the law by its very nature will inevitably serve as a tool of injustic e, tyranny, and oppression. Godwin's attacks on the law occur continuously throughout Caleb Williams, as its complex plot slowly evolves. The first victim of the law is the tenant farmer Hawkins, whose pride leads him imprudently to offend his landlord, Mr. Tyrrel. When Tyrrel orders him to abandon his farm, Hawkins's pride again gets the best of him and he refuses: "I have got a lease of my farm, and I shall not quit it o'thaten.

Evaluate strategies for developing and maintaining positive working relationships Essay

How to develop relationships with children and staff and why it is important Communicating effectively within the childcare setting is very important to enable strong relationship to build between colleagues, children and parents. Staff communicating positively with colleagues is an important part in helping build a strong and trusting relationship with each other. Developing close relationships with the other staff will help to inform each other of any worries or concerns that one of you may have regarding a child. It can also encourage conversation regarding any ideas or thoughts you may have regarding activities. It’s important to develop a good relationship with staff as it will create a positive environment for both children and staff. This will help to develop a calm, happy and relaxed atmosphere creating a positive environment for teaching. Children Developing positive relationships with the children is the main key to a happy and calm environment. Without a positive and supportive attitude there will be no trust and honesty between yourself and the children. They will not feel like they can talk to you which may mean they could be keeping something important inside, which could affect their learning or social skills. With good communication from the practitioners, children can effectively engage in goal setting and problem solving which could enhance their ability to learn. It is important to be consistent in your behaviour and relationships so that children learn to do this, we as practitioners need to model the kind of behaviour we expect from them. Parents It important to build a relationship with parents an easy way to do this is to make sure you have good communication with them. For example make sure that you talk them in the appropriate language for example using their manners for example, please and thank you. Therefore if you have good commutation skills and good body language when working with parents they are more likely to trust you when looking after their children. Children who can sense that their main carer has a good relationship with the childcare setting are more likely to be happy being left in the setting. Other way’s that you can build relationships with parent’s are that you would have regular contact with them for the best interests of the child. It is also important when building a relationship with parents that you understand what they think is best for the child, and if they need advice you should give them or try to find out for them.

Nonwestern Literature Essay

Modern literature does not show the extent to which literature has come. Medieval forms of literature reflected an unprecedented level of purity and originality. A study of the similarities and dissimilarities between cultures reveals the exchange of ideology that occurred many centuries ago. This gives weight to the assertion that modern forms of literature from different regions of the world once shared certain characteristics. It should not get assumed that the different forms of literature arose from the same inspiration. Rather, the varying types of literature occurred separately. However, due to improvements in technology and communication, forms of literature have become similar over time. An in-depth look at Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese literatures highlights this clearly. China and India, as countries from the East, have a winding, rich, and spectacular literary tradition. The exchange of literary accomplishments between the two nations has never ceased even until modern times. The primary groundwork for such an exchange became established through the introduction of Buddhism into China. As a result of this introduction, Indian literature began imparting nourishment to its Chinese counterpart. Thus, Chinese literature adopted plenty of influences from Indian literature. Resulting effects on Chinese literature have manifested themselves in aspects of aesthetic tendency, form, subject, rhetoric and vocabulary. In ancient times, Buddhism served as the key medium for Chinese-Indian literary exchanges. Chinese literature has become more and more influenced by Indian literature in recent times due to the assimilation of Buddhist influences. Nevertheless, the extent and nature of the literary exchange between India and China has become two-sided and complementary in recent times. There exist similarities and differences between Chinese and Indian literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the form of literature gets classified as primarily oral. In both Chinese and Indian literatures, extensive written forms of literature appeared in later periods compared to the emergence of oral forms of literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the emergence of written forms of literature arose due to the spread of literacy programs pioneered by the ruling authorities in both countries. Also, both Indian and Chinese literatures have different forms of literature contributing to the overall state of literature in the respective countries. Moreover, both Indian and Chinese literatures have experienced changes due to modern influences from the western world. On the other hand, a few differences arise between Chinese and Indian literature. Chinese literature has always gotten expression through only one language. This has remained true for the over 3000 years which the Chinese civilization has existed. On the contrary, Indian literature has experienced segmentation due to the presence of numerous languages within India. The Indian culture has officially recognized 22 languages and among these languages, 21 of them have establishes their own unique forms of literature. Indian literature has gotten influence from the various traditions that have governed over the country. Throughout its history, various family traditions have dictated the nature of ownership over the country. In turn, the varying styles of ownership have had an unmistakable effect on the types of literature. Thus, different ownership periods as demarcated by family traditions have different kinds of literature. Conversely, various dynasties throughout the whole period of its sovereign existence have ruled China. This has led to the classification of types of literature based on the particular dynasty that ruled the country at the time of the emergence of the literature. These dynasties include Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. During the existence of all these dynasties, various forms of literature have arisen. For instance, early woodblock and poetry became embraced during the Tang dynasty while novels gained prominence during the Ming dynasty. Chinese and Egyptian literatures share many points of reference. Both forms of literature began experiencing formative influences before the Common Era. Egyptian literature has its roots in ancient Egyptian culture. Along with Sumerian literature, ancient Egyptian literature gets classified as the one of the earliest forms of literature. In both forms of literature, the ownership periods played a key role towards the definition and classification of different types of literature. Both Chinese and Egyptian forms of literature have pioneered forms of writing, which had not existed earlier. Egyptian literature gave rise to hieroglyphics. Also, the writing of blurbs began in the 14th century Egyptian times. The writing of blurbs thus emerged as a key component of literary writing in the contemporary world. Both forms of literature have allowed the influence of different forms of literature from other countries. Egyptian literature became molded by the influx of foreign poets who flocked the town of Alexandria. These poets originated from Greece and Rome. They immigrated to Alexandria so as to utilize the library facility in the town. As a result of their extended stay in Egypt, the poets began expressing their literature in Arabic language. Inevitably, the existing literature within Egypt became fused with the literature brought by the European poets. The infiltration and influence of Indian Buddhism has played a prominent role in the shaping the Chinese literature toward adopting Indian connotations. Meditation has become a key component of Chinese literature unlike previous times. This lays testament to the fact that Indian Buddhism has left an indelible mark on Chinese literature. In Chinese literature, the initial form of literature consisted primarily of oral forms. Written forms of literature appeared during later periods of civilization. This stands in stark contrast to Egyptian literature, which has the autobiography as its oldest form. Egyptian literature got expressed in papyrus reeds. These provided the writing material on which ancient Egyptian writers would record their literary works. Also, Egypt invented calligraphy, which emerged as a key means of writing during that era. Chinese literature has received influence primarily stemming from the ruling influences within the country. The dynasties that have exercised governorship over the country have molded the types of literature within China. In contrast, Egyptian literature has experienced influences stemming from external sources. The conquering of Egypt by Muslim Arabs had a major impact on the literature in Egypt. Libraries became established and literature thrived. Papyrus reeds became replaced by cloth paper as writing surfaces. Another difference between Egyptian and Chinese literature appears when it comes to the overriding motive behind the change in literature. In Chinese literature, the changes undertaken in literature have occurred involuntarily and with the noble aim of improving the Chinese culture. On the other hand, changes in Egyptian literature have become implemented for the sole purpose of embracing Islam. The majority of Egyptian literature back in medieval times consisted of wisdom literature. This shows that the wider number of Egyptian literary works got written mainly for instruction and guidance. Such instruction recognizes the social format of life that exists in Egypt. Family values take the first place in Egypt. As a result, the forms of literature within the country give precedence to the values honored by families. However, the majority of forms of literature written in China became formulated for the purpose of entertainment. This arises due to the communal nature of the Chinese culture. Hence, the forms of literature become designed in such a way as to amuse and thereby engender a sense of togetherness within the community. ?Egyptian and Indian literatures have stunning similarities and glaring differences. The bulk of both Egyptian and Indian literatures bears literature intended for instruction. Both Egyptian and Indian cultures recognize the supremacy of family values. Thus, the literature of both countries became formulated with the intention of providing the families with instructive information regarding family life. Indian folklore and Egyptian folklore combined as key elements towards the formation of storytelling formats. Both Indian and Egyptian literatures have become molded for the purpose of accommodating religious beliefs. Literature in Egypt has evolved with the passage of time as it becomes more permissible to the Islamic faith and body of beliefs. Since Islam has gained wide acclaim as the state religion, the form of literature within Egypt has sought to reflect this truth in its form. This has endeavored to avoid hurting the religiously-trained consciences of Egyptians. In India, religion has had a major impact towards the changes that have occurred in Indian literature. India plays host to majority of the world’s most populous forms of faith. Buddhism alone has had an understated effect on the form of Indian literature. The prevalence of meditation techniques within Egyptian literature gives evidence of the extent of Buddhist influence.? However, a few differences exist between Indian and Egyptian literatures. Egyptian literature had its beginnings much earlier than Indian literature. This necessarily makes Egyptian literature richer than Indian literature. The superior quality of Egyptian literature becomes apparent through a sober consideration of the genres that have gotten invented due to Egyptian literature. Indian literature has become classified in terms of tradition due to the ideologies that have governed the country. In the contrary, Egyptian literature has always manifested their Islamic inclinations. Also, Egyptian literature received notable influence from European poets while India has risen to become the source of poetic influence to other countries like China. The history of Egyptian literature had its beginnings in ancient Egypt. The River Nile had a massive influence on the development of Egyptian literature. The town of Alexandria served as a major confluence for the emergence of literary influences. This happened because of the presence of the Library of Alexandria. This library served as hubs for poets originating from Greece and Rome, which served as key world powers in that time. The influence of these foreign poets had an unprecedented effect on Egyptian literature. Beginning from the period of the tyrannical Pharaohs until the conclusion of the Roman Empire’s rulership, ancient Egyptian literature got expresses in Egyptian language. Ancient Egyptian literature gains recognition as the world’s earliest form of literature along with other genres like Sumerian literature.? However, forms of writing in ancient Egypt did not surface until the late periods of the 4th century. This included both hieratic and hieroglyphic forms of writing. At some time before the modern era, the available literary works included epistles and letters, texts, hymns and poems, and memorials. These biographical texts got penned so as to document the professional lives of noteworthy administrative marshals. These developments notwithstanding, narrative forms of Egyptian literature became created in late periods of the 17th century BC. The formation of narrative forms sparked a media revolution in the whole of Egypt. Such a revolution occurred due to various factors. The unprecedented rise in literacy levels played a primary role for the revolution. Other factors included widespread access to written literature, rise of an intellectual class of scribes, new cultural sensibilities about individuality, unprecedented levels of literacy, and mainstream access to written materials.? The history and tradition of Indian literature primarily features verse though it also seems fundamentally oral. The earliest works became composed for the purpose of getting sung or recited. In this raw form, they became transmitted throughout a number of generations before getting written down as permanent recordings. As a result of this belated recording, the earliest records of a text appear later by several millenniums than the stated date of its initial composition. Furthermore, probably because the majority of Indian literature appears as either religious or as a reworking of common stories from the Sanskrit tales, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and the mythological writings, the authors often maintain their anonymity. Biographical components and details of the lives of the majority of the earlier Indian authors appear only in much later myths and legends. In medieval Indian literature, the earliest works in many of the languages were sectarian, designed to advance or to celebrate some unorthodox regional. Much traditional Indian literature is derived in theme and form not only from Sanskrit literature but from the Buddhist and Jain texts written in the Pali language and the other Prakrits (medieval dialects of Sanskrit). This applies to literature in the Dravidian languages of the south as well as to literature in the Indo-Iranian languages of the north. Invasions of Persians and Turks, beginning in the 14th century, resulted in the influence of Persian and Islamic culture in Urdu, although important Islamic strands can be found in other literatures as well, especially those written in Bengali, Gujarati, and Kashmiri. After 1817, entirely new literary values were essay, and literary drama (this last incorporating both classical Sanskrit and Western models)—that gradually engulfed the customary Indian verse genres. Urdu poets remained faithful to the old forms while Bengalis were imitating such English poets as Percy Bysshe Shelley or T. S. Eliot.? The history of ? Chinese literature extends for thousands of years. This started from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature fictional novels that arose during the Ming Dynasty. These mature fictional novels became penned for the sake of entertaining the masses of literate Chinese citizens. To various Westerners, Chinese literature remains hugely unexplored in comparison to the rich state of the Chinese culture. As a matter of fact, it is a treasure of a very considerable number of brilliant and profound works as each dynasty, in the long history of China, has passed down its legacy of magnificent events and works. For 3500 years, they have woven a variety of genres and forms encompassing poetry, essays, fiction and drama; each in its own way reflecting the social climate of its day through the high spirit of art. Chinese literature has its own values and tastes, its own reigning cultural tradition and its own critical system of theory. Chronologically, it can be divided into four main periods: classical, modern, contemporary, and the present-age literature. Classical literature refers to the earliest period and covers works from three thousand years ago to the late Qing Dynasty and is a virtually unbroken strand enduring dynastic changes. Since it was nearly always developed under the reign of centralized and unified government, it is imbued with the thoughts of a culture that embraced slavery and a feudal society. It was steeped in an enclosed environment that hardly had any real links with religion or least of all the literature of foreign cultures. ? Modern Literature refers to the period from the Opium War in 1840 to the May Fourth Movement in 1919. As the decadent reign of the Qing failed to inspire the minds of people, the literary forms had remained unchanged; till the Opium War in 1840. Then they absorbed the impact of western thoughts as foreigners poured in China and established their colonies. Novels, poetry and other works began to appear with a theme of patriotism and a revelation of social ills. Contemporary literature spanned the period from 1919 to the foundation of modern in 1949 and took on a new vigor, despite the fact that Chinese was in the throes of checkered and complicated times. This period was distinctive as it brought into being a new and revised literary language, form, content and skills allowing it to evolve into an independent and open art available to the whole of society. It attached great attention to people’s lives and a future with strong political tendencies. Influenced by the tide of the world literature, it provided wide and amiable communication between writers and readers. Present-Age literature has evolved since the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949. During this time, there was a logjam as a consequence of the Cultural Revolution that lasted for nearly 10 years. That era is now long past and we now have a favorable turn on events and a great number of responsible writers deepen the literary forms and content. Nowadays literature prospers. As the Chinese nation is a racial mix of Han people together with 55 other ethnic groups, literature reflects this. The various ethnic groups have contributed greatly in this field.? China stands as the only country worldwide with a mono-language literature for over 3,000 years. This continuity comes from the nature of the written language itself. It is the use of characters, not letters as in Western languages, that is, most important in the Chinese language. The characters stand for things or ideas and so, unlike groups of letters, they cannot and need never get sounded. Thus Chinese could be read by people in all parts of the country in spite of gradual changes in pronunciation, the emergence of regional and local dialects, and modification of the characters. A revolution held in China marked the dynasties whereby a clan ruled over an empire. Inevitably, the significant change of Chinese society that occurred with the change of government invariably led to an alteration of literature. Thus, Chinese literature gradually became westernized and Classical language got absolved from utilization. The national government desired for women to enjoy equal privileges like men. This clamor for an equal status in society resulted in plenty of women writers and scholars. As a result, the amount of politically oriented literature doubled. Academicians got unrestrained access to literature from foreign countries while plenty of students received scholarships so as to study abroad. The New Culture Movement became disbanded and writers endeavored to blaze the trail in transforming China into a modern industrialized nation. Writers also intended to replace Confucian life-style with a modern, westernized one. Under the leadership of the national government, there existed some freedom of expression. During that period of relative freedom, lots of different views and styles of literature became widely popular. But at the moment China came under attack from Japan, the resulting Communist victory led to the curtailing of former freedoms. For instance, only literature that met the approval of the government became allowed. Egyptian literature has also experienced plenty of changes due to interaction with western cultures. The expansion of the international market has necessitated the presence of many foreigners within Egyptian soil. As a result of such mingling, Egyptian literature has become influenced by western attitudes and notions. India has become a key player in the Commonwealth of Nations movement. Inevitably, it has become the focal point for conducting business within Asia. Thus, Indian literature has adopted other cultures. Buddhism has also become part and parcel of the literature of many other countries. This highlights the exchange that has undoubtedly occurred between Indian literature and other forms of literature. REFEREENCES Allen, James P. (2000), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.? Foster, John Lawrence (2001), Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology, Austin: University of Texas Press.? K, Kripalani (1970). Modern Indian Literature.? Knight, Sabina (2012). Chinese Literature : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series.? Levy, Andre (2000). Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.? Lichtheim, Miriam (2006), Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom, with a new foreword by Hans-W. Fischer-Elfert, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.? M. , Winternitz. (1973) . A History of Indian Literature.? Mair, Victor H. (2001). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.? T. , W. , Clark. (1970). The Novel in India.? Quirke, S. (2004), Egyptian Literature 1800 BC, questions and readings, London: Golden House Publications.

The Built Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Essays

The Built Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Essays The Built Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Essay The Built Environment And Tourism Tourism Essay Essay Tourism has been one of the economic success narratives of the last 40 old ages. It has grown into a major constituent of the universe economic system and one of the most extremely developed and dynamic industries with an of import part to incomes and employment. Tourism has been quickly turning sector and a wide-sweeping socioeconomic phenomenon with wide economic, societal, cultural and environmental effects. It is likely that touristry will go on to rule the international scene for many old ages to come. ( Sharma, 2011 ) The environment is possibly one of the most important subscribers to the popularity and attraction of a finish. Sceneries, pleasant climes and alone landscape characteristics have an imperative influence in touristry development and the spacial distribution of tourer motions. Apart from environment, the other of import tourer puller is civilization in all its diverseness across continents. Cultural touristry has long existed, but recent demographic, societal, and cultural alterations in the chief beginning states have led to an increasing figure of new niche markets in finish states, including culture-oriented vacations. However, like other signifiers of development, touristry has besides contributed to its portion of jobs, such as societal break, loss of cultural heritage, economic dependance and environmental debasement. ( UNEP, WTO, 2005 ) . Learning about the brunt of touristry has led many tourers to seek more painstaking vacations. These incorporate assorted signifiers of sustainable touristry such as: nature-based touristry , ecotourism and cultural touristry . The major jobs arise because the environment ( at least in the short term ) is a nothing priced public good and as with any zero-priced good, is capable to extra demand and over-utilization. This over-utilization of the natural resources and development of cultural heritage particularly during the peak periods of tourer activity every bit good as frequently sick planned touristry development, have provided a figure of illustrations where touristry is in struggle with the environment ( Coccossis, Parpairis, 1995 ) . Not merely that, a s a consequence of environmental consciousness, a great figure of alternate signifiers of touristry been developed in the last decennary. Sustainable Tourism promotes limited-scale, low-impact, community-based activities. It may be defined as touristry that gives emphasis to the contact and apprehension between the hosts and the tourer, every bit good as the milieus ( Smith A ; Eadington, 1992 ) or as touristry consistent with the natural, societal and community values and that allows a constructive relationship among locals and tourers . ( Wearing A ; Neil, 1999 ) . Sustainable environment requires sustainable design. Architecture and design can continue the memorable and old memorials while it can besides make new and attractive qualities in which people can utilize and bask. Architecture has the endowment of specifying infinites and therefore has a powerful influence on the human behavior and apprehension and this is precisely what is ever taken into history in sustainability, maximising economic benefit and continuing the ecosystem. But what should be the attack to this design to accomplish all ends of sustainable touristry or instead what are the tools and rules of architecture that need to be adopted to encompass sustainable touristry demand to be developed. Thus the inquiry to be answered is: What should be the architectural attack for sustainable touristry? Specifying Sustainable Tourism Sustainable touristry is frequently considered to be a particular sort of touristry that entreaties to a peculiar market niche that is sensitive to environmental and societal impacts. This is a narrow position as sustainable touristry is much more than a discreet or particular signifier of touristry. The term sustainable touristry refers to a primary aim to do all touristry more sustainable. It is a continual procedure of betterment, one which applies every bit to touristry in metropoliss, resorts, rural and coastal countries, hills and protected countries. It should be thought of as a division of touristry, non a type of touristry. Sustainable touristry is based on the three pillars of sustainability ( economic, societal and environmental ) and is merely defined by the World Tourism Organization as: Tourism that takes full history of its current and future economic, societal, and environmental impacts, turn toing the demands of visitants, the industry, the environment and host com munities. ( WTO, 2005 ) , Sustainability is a procedure and non an terminal province. The built environment and Tourism Tourism has an inauspicious consequence on built environment. It could be on architectural facade, alteration of landuse, overburdening of substructure etc. Large scale building of tourer installations and other substructure tends to alter the land usage of an country and besides upset the natural ecological harmoniousness of a finish. Besides touristry brings alterations to the common engineering and sometimes the traditional buildings merely vanish giving manner to modern building which is most of the clip non following and rules of sustainability. Alternatively they create injury to the finish, finally losing the character, being environmentally upseting and non suited to the demands apart from commercial facet. Some of the other impacts of touristry on built environment and architecture of a topographic point are: over-intensive urbanisation, illegal buildings, pollution, negative aesthetic alterations, debasement of quality etc. Need Designation Tourism now accounts for 10 % of the universe s economic activity but at the same clip it has major impacts on the natural and reinforced environments and every bit good as on well being and civilizations of host population. Ecological, societal and economic sustainability are intertwined. Tourism and architecture may be connected to the benefit of the two and finally to the benefit of the people. There has been merely a really small research on the function of architecture and the attack that should be followed when aiming sustainable touristry. Since edifice activities like building of hotels, invitee houses, tourer Centres, commercial centres etc rule the development of touristry at any topographic point, there is a demand to develop an attack and policy on architectural developments as portion of sustainable touristry. This job is of cardinal importance as it has led to the absence of an equal theoretical foundation for understanding the kineticss of alternate touristry and the societal activities it involves and reacting to it consequently. Sustainable design and planning do non endanger the economical benefits that a healthy touristry industry can convey ; on the contrary, they can heighten local distinctive features and do usage of traditional cognition and expertness. Where sustainable methods and stuffs are employed, edifices can be both ecologically and economically profitable, thanks to their lower building and life rhythm costs. This thesis will be a little attempt in the same way. Scope Sustainability does non necessitate a lessened quality of life, but it does necessitate a alteration in mentality and values toward a less consumptive life style. These alterations must encompass overall mutuality, ecological stewardship, societal duty and economic feasibleness. Assorted authorities organic structures, international organisations and conventions have stated the importance of touristry and its sustainability. Many states every bit good wish to or hold already initiated the chase to policies of sustainable touristry . In fact one of the most of import issues in sustainable development of touristry resources is the consideration and enlargement of design and building criterions in order to make an optimal usage of energy, H2O and land resources. The range of the survey will be to understand sustainable touristry and its signifiers maintaining in head the delicate finishs specially, be it in footings of their ecosystem, cultural heritage or economic stableness and province rules that should regulate the architectural design and planning of the touristry substructure maintaining in head sustainability as defined above. To put down the architectural moralss in planning and designing of tourer demands like hotels, invitee houses, activity Centres etc suited to the ecosystem, society and economic system. The survey will concentrate on the delicate finishs since there is more need at that place but the applications will be in general universal. The range of research is in guidelines published by international organic structures maintaining in head Indian finishs. Restrictions The instance surveies where sustainable touristry developments have been implemented will non be accessible physically and the research will hold to depend on secondary beginnings of informations. The primary instance survey will be covering a finish which is delicate ecologically, culturally and economically. It might non be possible to do multiple visits and at the same clip while making the study the deficiency of academic cognition sing the topic amongst hosts could take it adrift. None of the tourer finishs in India has adopted sustainable touristry as a whole. Few resorts, vicinities etc have adopted sustainability within them. Sustainable touristry is a comparatively new term ; the research on it will be limited to informations over the past 3o old ages merely. Since the range has to be limited the research will concentrate peculiarly on function of architecture in sustainable touristry and non other agencies of accomplishing it. When explicating the study questionnaire, the deficiency of cognition about sustainable touristry might take to indirect framing of inquiries. Besides people will hold to be relied upon for being honest which might non be the instance for all. 1.7 Mentions and Bibliography Mentions Khaksar, A. , Tahmouri, A. , Hoseinrazavi, S. , 2001, The Reciprocal Effects Of Architecture And Tourism: The Sustainability Approach, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran Sharma, K. , 2011, Sustainable Tourism Development Through Sustainable Architecture: A Projected Case Study of Cox s Bazaar, Bangladesh. Master s thesis, University of Huddersfield UNEP and WTO, 2005, Making Tourism More sustainable: A usher for policy shapers